。See
Ramya Shah, From Beepers to GPS: Can the Fourth Amendment Keep Up with
Electronic Tracking Technology?, 2009U. Ill. J. L. Tech.&Poly 281(2009);Tarik N.
Jallad, Recent Development : Old Answers to New Questions : GPS Surveillance and
the Unwarranted Need for Warrants,11 N. C. J. L.&Tech. 351(2010).
[10]而用眼睛来观察暴露于公众视野之下的事物不属于“搜查”,因而不在第四修正案的规范范围中。
[11]United States v. Karo, 468 U. S. 705 (1984).
[12]俄勒冈、纽约、华盛顿、特拉华、马萨诸塞等州的法院要求,除非情况紧急,警察在使用GPS技术之前首先要获得令状。
[13]Mosaic
theory,在不同的应用领域有“镶嵌理论”、“马赛克理论”等多种译法,大体是意译与音译的区别。笔者在本文中将之译为“镶嵌论”。
[14]由于首次明确将镶嵌论导入刑事搜查问题之判断过程的是United States v.
Maynard案,因此,尽管这两个案件实为同一事件,本文第二部分的讨论是以Maynard案为主线展开的。
[15]State v. Jackson,76 P. 3d 217(Wash. 2003).
[16]Haley Plourde-Cole ,Back to Katz:Reasonable
Expectation of Privacy in the Facebook Age,38 Fordham Urb. L. J. 571(2010).
[17]People v. Weaver, 909 N. E. 2d 1195 (N. Y.
2009).
[18]United States v. Maynard,615 F. 3d 544(D. C.
Cir. 2010).
[19]United States v. Jones, 132 S. Ct. 945(2012).
[20]See 18 U. S. C.§§2510-2522 (2006 ed. and Supp.
IV).
[21]David E. Pozen, The Mosaic Theory, National
Security, and the Freedom of Information Act ,115 Yale L. J. 628 (2005).
[22]例如参见Recent Cases, Constitutional Law-Fourth
Amendment-D. C. Circuit Deems Warrantless Use of GPS Device an Unreasonable
Search-United Statesv.Maynard,124 Harv. L. Rev. 827 (2011);Orin Kerr, D. C.
Circuit Introduces “Mosaic Theory” Of Fourth Amendment, Holds GPS Monitoring a
Fourth Amendment Search, at http://volokh.
com/2010/08/06/d-c-circuit-introduces-mosaic-theory-of-fourth-amendment-holds-gPs-monitoring-a-fourth-amendment-search/;等等。
[23]在Daubert案中,联邦最高法院认为应当从四个方面来评价一项科技证据的可靠性:(1)其所依靠的科学理论与科学方法能否被重复检验,(2)其所依靠的科学理论与科学方法是否经同行复核或已公开出版,(3)有关该理论的已知或潜在的错误率可否被接受,(4)相关研究方法是否为相关科学团体所接受及其程度。参见Daubert
v. Merrell Dow Pharmaceuticals. Inc. , 509 U. S. 579(1993).
[24]GPS接收机的信号强度会因上空遮蔽物厚度的变化而变化,甚至会产生信号中断,因此在定位时应待数据稳定后再读数,以提高数据的准确性。障碍物、高压电线及变压器均对GP